Multi-Protocol Support Over Ethernet Packet-Switched Networks

ABSTRACT

Described are methods and communications network for carrying pseudowires over packet-switched network. A communication network includes a packet-switched network (PSN), a first provider edge (PE) device in communication with a second PE device through the PSN, and a pseudowire (PW) established between the PE devices for emulating a service across the PSN. The PW has a Virtual Circuit Connection Verification (VCCV) control channel that carries an Ethernet Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) message. In some embodiments, various data plane encapsulation formats enable a PW to emulate an Ethernet or a non-Ethernet service over an Ethernet PSN. Each encapsulation format includes an Ethernet tunnel header and a PW header that encapsulates an Ethernet or non-Ethernet payload.

RELATED APPLICATION

This utility application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/776,330, filed on Feb. 24, 2006, the entirety ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to communications networks. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to multi-protocol support overEthernet packet-switched networks.

BACKGROUND

Transport networks are typically required to support transmission ofdifferent protocols across them. Multi-protocol support is thereforerequired across Ethernet packet-switched networks. Pseudowire (PW) isone such industry-accepted mechanism for transferring information acrossa packet-switched network (PSN). Often identified with the protocol forforwarding packets, examples of PSNs include, but are not limited to,Internet Protocol (IP), Layer-Two Tunneling protocol (L2TP), Ethernet,and MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) networks. In general, a PWemulates the attributes of a native service supported across the PSN. Ineffect, a PW decouples the native service, i.e., the protocols andapplications, from the underlying facilities that carry the service. Thetypes of emulated services that may be carried by a PW include, but arenot limited to, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay (FR),Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), High Level Data Link Control (HDLC),Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH), X.25, TDM (Time Division Multiplexing), DSL (Digital SubscriberLine), and Ethernet.

FIG. 1 shows a prior art implementation of a communications network 10in which a PW 12 is established between an ingress provider edge (PE) 14and an egress provider edge (PE) 16. The PW 12 emulates a native service(e.g., ATM, Ethernet, Frame Relay, T1/T3, etc.) across a PSN 18. Each PE14, 16 is in communication with at least one customer edge (CE) device20 (each of which are part of a customer network). Each CE 20communicates with a PE 14, 16 through an attachment circuit (AC), whichis, generally, a physical or logical circuit configured for theparticular technology of the native service.

Industry has devised various mechanisms for establishing PWs to carrydifferent native services over MPLS and IP networks. Such mechanismstypically involve “normalizing” payload of the native service fortransmission through the PW over the PSN. One technique for normalizingpayload is an MPLS encapsulation, referred to as Martini-encapsulation,which uses a control word to distinguish PW payload from standard IPpayload. In general, a control word is an optional header used in someencapsulations to carry per-packet information. Bryant, S. et al, in“PWE3 Control Word for use over an MPLS PSN”, October 2005, describesthe use of control words in MPLS PSNs for such purpose. Suchencapsulation entails the use of a label (referred to as a VirtualCircuit (VC) label or as PW label) for providing a demultiplexer for thePW through the PSN tunnel, e.g., a Label-Switched Path (LSP).

In addition to MPLS and IP PSNs, Ethernet is fast emerging as a viablePSN technology and becoming more widely used, particularly in metro-areanetworks. Besides being able to offer Ethernet connectivity services,e.g., E-Line, E-LAN, and E-Tree, multi-protocol transport is also arequirement across Ethernet PSNs. Even with the IP and MPLS PSNs,service providers have a limited number of mechanisms to choose from bywhich they can perform fault detection and diagnostics in order toverify the connectivity of their multi-protocol transport services viaPWs. Current mechanisms, such as ICMP (Internet Control MessageProtocol) ping, BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection), and MPLS ping,provide only limited OAM (Operations, Administration, & Maintenance)functionality. Moreover, such mechanisms are unduly complicated and havelimited application in certain network environments. For instance,current mechanisms do not support verifying the end-to-end connectivityof multi-segment PWs. Thus, there is a need for improving current faultdetection and diagnostics mechanisms for single segment andmulti-segment PWs including their use in Ethernet PSNs.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the invention features a communications networkcomprising an Ethernet packet-switched network (PSN), a first provideredge (PE) device in communication with a second PE device through theEthernet PSN, and a pseudowire (PW) established between the PE devicesfor emulating a service across the Ethernet PSN. Each packet of theservice has a frame format with an Ethernet tunnel header and a PWheader that encapsulates a payload.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of emulating anon-Ethernet service across an Ethernet packet-switched network (PSN).The method comprises establishing a pseudowire (PW) between a firstprovider edge (PE) device and a second PE device on the Ethernet PSN,receiving packets of the service at the first PE device for forwardingto the second PE device through the Ethernet PSN over the PW, andencapsulating a payload of each packet of the service in a PW header andin an Ethernet tunnel header.

In still another aspect, the invention features a communications networkcomprising a packet-switched network (PSN), a first provider edge (PE)device in communication with a second PE device through the PSN, and apseudowire (PW) established between the PE devices for emulating aservice across the PSN. The PW has a Virtual Circuit ConnectionVerification (VCCV) control channel that carries an Ethernet Operations,Administration, and Management (OAM) message.

In another embodiment, the communications network includes an Ethernetpacket-switched network (PSN), a first provider edge (PE) device incommunication with a second PE device through the Ethernet PSN; and apseudowire (PW) established between the PE devices for emulating aservice across the Ethernet PSN. The PW has a control channel thatcarries an Ethernet Operations, Administration, and Management (OAM)message.

In still another aspect, the invention features a method of verifyingconnectivity of a pseudowire (PW) through a packet-switched network(PSN). The method comprises establishing a pseudowire through the PSNbetween a first provider edge (PE) device and a second PE device,providing a Virtual Circuit Connection Verification (VCCV) controlchannel in the PW, and carrying an Ethernet Operations, Administration,and Management (OAM) message in the VCCV control channel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further advantages of this invention may be betterunderstood by referring to the following description in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings, in which like numerals indicate likestructural elements and features in various figures. The drawings arenot necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed uponillustrating the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a prior art implementation ofa communications network in which a pseudowire (PW) is establishedbetween an ingress provider edge device and an egress provider edgedevice across a packet-switched network.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of acommunications network embodying the invention, including a PWtraversing an Ethernet PSN.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an embodiment of an encapsulation format used toencapsulate service payload in a packet for forwarding over the PWthrough the Ethernet PSN, as described in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a second embodiment of an encapsulation formatused to encapsulate service payload in a packet for forwarding over thePW over the PW through the Ethernet PSN, as described in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of a third embodiment of an encapsulation formatused to encapsulate service payload in a packet for forwarding over thePW through the Ethernet PSN, as described in FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a fourth embodiment of an encapsulation formatused to encapsulate service payload in a packet for forwarding over thePW through the Ethernet PSN, as described in FIG. 2.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of a PW traversing an Ethernet packet-switchednetwork in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an embodiment of a PW traversing an Ethernetnetwork and an MPLS network in accordance with the invention. I try toinclude this information in the spec, and be minimalist with text in thefigures (for Foreign Filing sake).

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an embodiment of a PW traversing a first Ethernetnetwork, an MPLS network, and a second Ethernet network in accordancewith the invention.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an embodiment of a PW traversing a firstEthernet network and a second Ethernet network in accordance with theinvention.

FIG. 11 is of an embodiment of a communications network implementingEthernet Operations, Administration, Management (OAM) mechanisms for asingle-segment PW over an Ethernet PSN.

FIG. 12A is a diagram illustrating a Virtual Circuit ConnectionVerification (VCCV) parameter field used to signal Ethernet OAMcapability in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 12B are diagrams illustrating various options for identifying apacket that is carrying an Ethernet OAM packet data unit (PDU) inaccordance with the invention.

FIG. 12C is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an Ethernet OAM PDU.

FIG. 12D is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a packet having anEthernet OAM PDU encapsulated in accordance with the data-planeencapsulation format of FIG. 6.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating the forwarding of Ethernet OAM PDUsover a multi-segment PW that traverses a first Ethernet network and asecond Ethernet network in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating exemplary encapsulation formats usedfor the Ethernet OAM PDUs in the multi-segment PW of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating the forwarding of Ethernet OAM PDUSover a multi-segment PW that traverses an Ethernet network and an MPLSnetwork in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating encapsulation formats used forforwarding Ethernet OAM PDUs over the multi-segment PW of FIG. 15.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In brief overview, communications networks embodying the invention canforward non-Ethernet payloads associated with non-Ethernet nativeservices through pseudowires (PWs) over Ethernet packet-switchednetworks (PSNs), e.g., Provider Backbone Transport (PBT) and ProviderBackbone Bridge (PBB) networks. Any one of various data-planeencapsulation formats, described herein, can be used to encapsulate thenon-Ethernet payloads for forwarding over an Ethernet PSN. Eachencapsulation format includes an Ethernet tunnel header and a PW headerthat encapsulates a PW protocol data unit (PDUs). In general, a PW PDUcontains all of the data and control information needed to emulate theparticular non-Ethernet service.

Other embodiments of communications networks use a Virtual CircuitConnection Verification (VCCV) control channel in a PW to send EthernetOAM (Operations, Administration, & Maintenance) messages over throughPSNs (which may be an Ethernet PSN or otherwise). In general, VCCVsupports connection verification messages for PWs over PSNs Adaptationsto VCCV, in accordance with the invention, introduce Ethernet OAM as aviable option for performing operations and maintenance functions.

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a communications network 50 embodying theprinciples of the invention. The network 50 includes an Ethernet packetswitched network (PSN) 54. The PSN 54 corresponds to a separate networkdomain managed by a service provider. The PSN 54 includes first andsecond provider edge (PE) devices 58-1, PE 58-2 (generally PE 58). Ingeneral, a PE device is a network element or device that provides a PWto a customer edge (CE) device. For purposes of describing theinvention, the PE device 58-1 is referred to as ingress PE 58-1, and thePE device 58-2 as egress PE 58-2. Not shown are the various intermediatedevices (or nodes) between the PEs 58.

In one embodiment, the Ethernet PSN 54 is configured as a ProviderBackbone Bridge (PBB) network, also known as IEEE 802.1ah and MAC-in-MAC(MiM). The IEEE 802.1ah draft standard defines a service provider MACheader that encapsulates a customer MAC frame. The service provider MACheader includes B-MAC SA and B-MAC DA fields to indicate the sourceaddress and destination address, respectively, of the backbone (i.e.,PSN 54). Also defined are a backbone VLAN ID (B-VID) and a ServiceInstance ID (I-SID).

In a PBB network, devices (or nodes) can make forwarding decisions basedon the values in the B-MAC and B-VID fields. Accordingly, PBB providesEthernet tunneling based on: 1) the B-MAC SA/DA pair; and 2) the B-VID.The I-SID field can serve to provide a service delimiter—the size of thefield, 24-bits, can theoretically support as many as 16 million serviceinstances—thus, overcoming the scalability limitation of 4094 providerVLANs of IEEE 802.1ad (Q-in-Q).

By isolating the service provider MAC header from the customer MACheader, PBBs separate the communications network 50 into customerdomains and service provider domains. Within the service provider domain(i.e., PSN 54), the nodes forward packets based on the service providerMAC header—the customer MAC header is not visible except at the edge ofthe service provider domain.

In other embodiments, the Ethernet PSN 54 is configured to supportProvider Backbone Transport (PBT) technology. In brief overview, PBTprovides the Ethernet PSN 54 with connection-oriented forwardingbehavior. Through PBT, service providers are able to establishpoint-to-point Ethernet tunnels and specify paths that service trafficwill take through their Ethernet networks. More specifically, PBTallocates a range of VLAN IDs (VIDs) to identify specific paths throughthe PSN 54 to a given destination MAC address. PBT requires thecombination of VID and the MAC DA address (total 60 bits) to be globallyunique, but individually VID or MAC do not have to be globally uniquefor PBT trunks. Because the combination of the MAC DA and the VIDuniquely identifies each path, VIDs within the reserved range can bereused to identify paths between different pairs of PEs.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the ingress PE 58-1 is in communication withthe egress PE 58-2 over a PW 62, which the PEs 58 establish inaccordance with a control protocol, such as the protocol described inMartini, L. et al, “Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance using the LabelDistribution Protocol (LDP)”, RFC 4447, April 2006. As described herein,the PW 62 carries non-Ethernet payloads over the Ethernet PSN 54. The PW62 can also carry Ethernet payload over the Ethernet PSN 54. Thisenables service providers to offer “emulated” services, e.g., ATM, FrameRelay, T1 leased lines, over established Ethernet networks. The PW 62traverses the Ethernet PSN 54 through an Ethernet PSN tunnel 66. The PEs58 may be IEEE 802.1ah (PBB) enabled and/or PBT enabled. Depending ontheir configuration and the type of Ethernet network, the PEs 58 canemploy one of a plurality of different encapsulation formats toencapsulate non-Ethernet payload within the PW 62, as described in moredetail below.

The PE 58-1 is in communication with a customer edge (CE) device 70-1 byway of an attachment circuit (AC) 74-1; PE 58-2 is in communication withCE 70-2 by way of AC 74-2. In general, the CE 70 is a device at which anetwork service originates or terminates (or both). The CEs 70 operateunaware that the PSN 54 is employing the PW 62 to provide an emulatedservice instead of a native service.

Each AC 74 is a physical or virtual circuit connecting the CE 70 to arespective PE 58. Example embodiments of ACs 74 include, but are notlimited to, a Frame Relay DLCI (data link connection identifier), an ATMVPI/VCI (Virtual Path Identifier/Virtual Channel Identifier), anEthernet port, a VLAN (Virtual LAN), an HDLC (High-Level Data LinkControl) link, a PPP (Point-to-Point protocol) connection on a physicalinterface, a PPP session from an L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)tunnel, and an MPLS LSP (Label Switched Path). If both physical andvirtual ACs are of the same technology (e.g., both ATM, both Ethernet,both Frame Relay) the PW is said to provide “homogeneous transport,”otherwise the PW is said to provide “heterogeneous transport”. Each AC74 is part of a user-to-network interface (UNI) 84 between the PE 58 andCE 70.

For supporting pseudowires, the PE 58-1 (as a representative example ofPEs in general) includes a plurality of subsystems: a Native ServiceProcessing (NSP) subsystem 78, a forwarder (FWRD) 82, a PW processor(including a PW demultiplexer) 86, an optional PSN convergence subsystem90, and a PSN processing subsystem 94. These subsystems correspond tovarious layers of a logical-protocol layering model described in Bryant,S. et al, “Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture)”, RFC3985, March 2005, the entirety of which is incorporated by referenceherein.

In brief overview, the NSP 78 processes data received by the PE 58-1from the CE 70-1 before presenting the data to the PW 62 fortransmission across the PSN 54. In addition, the NSP 78 processes datareceived by the PE 58-1 from the PW 62 before the data are output on theAC 74-1. The forwarder 82 selects the PW 62 that is to be used totransmit a payload received on the AC 74-1 from the CE 70-1.

The PW processor 86, in conjunction with the PSN convergence subsystem90, encapsulates the native service payload (as a PW PDU 112) within aPW header 116. The PW demultiplexer (here embodied within the PWprocessor 86) provides the capability to deliver multiple PWs over asingle PSN tunnel. The PSN convergence subsystem 90 provides aninterface to the PW, enabling the PW to be independent of the particulartype of PSN. PSN convergence is optional in that its functionality isnot needed if the PSN already satisfies the requirements of the service.The PSN subsystem 94 identifies the particular PSN tunnel 66 for the PWand encapsulates the PW header 118 and PW PDU 112 in a Ethernet PSNheader 122.

During operation, the CE 70-1 sends a packet 100 over the AC 74-1 to theingress PE 58-1. The packet 100 includes a UNI header 104, an AC header,and a layer 2 PDU 112. The ingress PE 58-1 receives the packet 100. TheNSP/Forwarder 78/82 of the PE 58-1 passes a frame with the PDU 112 tothe PW processor 86. From the frame, the PW processor 86 removes anypreamble and may remove the FCS (Frame Check Sequence). Then, the PWprocessor 86/PSN convergence 90 prepends (116) an appropriate PW header118 to the PW PDU 112′. (The PW PDU 112′ corresponds to a slightlymodified version of the PDU 112 received from the CE 70-1.) The PSNsubsystem 94 then prepends (120) the appropriate tunnel encapsulation(i.e., Ethernet PSN header 122) to the PW header 118 and PW PDU 112′.The PE 58-1 transmits the resulting packet 124 over the PW 62 throughthe PSN tunnel 66.

When the packet 124 arrives at the egress PE 58-2, the PSN subsystem 94and PW processing subsystem 86 remove, respectively, the Ethernet tunnelheader 122 and PW header 118. If the PW header 118 includes a controlword, the PW processing subsystem 86 processes and removes it. Theresulting frame (with the PDU 112) then passes to the Forwarder/NSP 82,78, which regenerates, if necessary, the FCS. The UNI 84-2 encapsulatesthe PDU 112 with an AC header 108 and a UNI header 104 beforetransmitting the resulting packet 100 to the CE device 70-2 by way ofthe AC 74-1.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a data-plane encapsulation format 150 fora packet carried by a PW over an Ethernet PSN. The right-hand side ofFIG. 3 shows a byte-alignment version of the format 150. In thisembodiment, the PEs 58 are configured to support PWs over PBB and PBTtechnologies. The format 150 includes a PSN tunnel header 154, a PWheader 158, and a PW PDU 162. The PW PDU 162 can be used to hold thepayload of any type of native service (e.g., ATM, Ethernet, Frame Relay,T1/T3, etc.).

The PSN tunnel header 154 includes a B-MAC DA field 166, a B-MAC SAfield 170, a first Ethertype (ET) field 174 (here, set equal to 88A8 or802.1ad), a B-TCI (Tag Control Information) field 178, a second ET field182 (here, signifying the 802.1ah—or PBB—Ethertype), and a I-TCI field184. As seen on the right-hand side of FIG. 3, the I-TCI field 184includes an I-SID field 196, a customer MAC destination address (C-MACDA) 200, and a customer MAC source address (C-MAC SA) 204.

The PW header 158 includes an ET field 188 (here, set to aservice-specific value) and an optional control word 192. The particularservice-specific value placed in the ET field 188 identifies the type ofservice associated with the payload. There is a different value for eachtype of non-Ethernet service; i.e., a first unique value indicates thatthe PDU 162 includes ATM payload, a second unique value indicates aFrame Relay payload, a third unique value indicates T1 payload, and soforth. In addition, the Ethertype is different from 8847 (i.e.,Martini). Accordingly, this encapsulation format 150 forgoes specifyinga VC label and is able to avoid MPLS entirely within the PBB/PBT network54. The PDU (payload) 162 is Martini-encapsulated.

FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of a data-plane encapsulation format150′ for a packet carried by a PW over an Ethernet PSN (i.e., PBB/PBT),the right-hand side again showing a byte-alignment version of the format150′. The format 150′ includes a PSN tunnel header 154′, a PW header158′, and a PDU 162. As previously described in connection with theencapsulation format 150, the PDU 162 can be associated with any type ofnative service. In addition, the fields of the PSN tunnel header 154′are the same as those for the previously described PSN tunnel header 154of the data-plane encapsulation format 150.

The PW header 158′ includes an ET field 188′ (here, set to 8847), a VClabel 190, and an optional control word 192. Here, the 8847 value in theET field 188′ signifies Martini encapsulation. In this embodiment, thePBB/PBT network manages the VC label 190 differently from the I-SID 196.The PDU (payload) 162 is Martini-encapsulated.

The encapsulation formats 150, 150′ are compatible with an Ethernet802.1ah network. An advantage in using such encapsulation formats 150,150′ is that devices in the Ethernet network can manage MiM andmulti-protocol non-Ethernet traffic uniformly. Devices on such anEthernet network can distinguish between MiM traffic and PW-over-PBB orPW-over-PBT traffic based on the EtherType following the I-TCI field inthe packet. If the EtherType (ET) is equal either to a service-specificvalue or to 8847, the devices in the Ethernet network can ignore thedata in the C-MAC DA and C-MAC SA fields of the I-TCI field. Otherwise,the devices use the data in the C-MAC DA and C-MAC SA fields forforwarding decisions.

FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of a data-plane encapsulation format150″ for a packet carried by a PW over a PBT network (i.e., without PBBcapability), with the right-hand side showing a byte-alignment version.The format 150″ includes a PBT trunk header 154″, a PW header 158″, anda PDU 162. As described in connection with the previous encapsulationformats, the PDU 162 can be associated with any type of native service.

The PBT tunnel header 154″ includes a B-MAC DA field 166, a B-MAC SAfield 170, an Ethertype (ET) field 174 (here, set equal to either 802.1Qor to 802.1ad), and a B-TCI. Because this embodiment does not involvePBB, the PBT trunk header 154″ lacks an 802.1ah Ethertype field and anI-TCI field (which are present with the previously described formats150, 150′).

The PW header 158″ includes an ET field 188 (here, set to aservice-specific value) and an optional control word 192. As describedin connection with the first-described encapsulation format 150, theparticular service-specific value placed in the ET field 188 identifiesthe type of service associated with the payload, and is a differentvalue from 8847 (Martini). This encapsulation format 150″ forgoesspecifying a VC label and is able to avoid MPLS entirely within the PBTnetwork. The PDU (payload) 162, which can be associated with any type ofnative service, is normalized through Martini-encapsulation. PBTnetworks employing this embodiment of encapsulation format are unable tomultiplex service instances on the PBT trunk (i.e., the PSN tunnel);accordingly, a PBT connection is dedicated to each service instance.

FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of a data-plane encapsulation format150′″ for a packet carried by a PW over a PBT network (without PBBcapability), with the right-hand side showing a byte-alignment version.The encapsulation format 150′″ includes a PBT trunk header 154′″, a PWheader 158′″, and a PDU 162. As described in connection with theprevious encapsulation formats, the PDU 162 can be associated with anytype of native service.

The PBT tunnel header 154′″ includes a B-MAC DA field 166, a B-MAC SAfield 170, an Ethertype (ET) field 174 (here, set equal to either 802.1Qor to 802.1ad), and a B-TCI field 178. Like the encapsulation format150″, the PBT trunk header 154′″ lacks an 802.1ah Ethertype field and anI-TCI field.

The PW header 158′″ includes an ET field 188′ (here, set to 8847), a VClabel 190, and an optional control word 192. Here, the 8847 value in theET field 188′ again signifies Martini encapsulation. The PBT networkmanages the VC label 190 (differently from management of an I-SID). ThePDU (payload) 162 is normalized by Martini-encapsulation. PBT networksemploying this embodiment of encapsulation format are capable ofmultiplexing different service instances (of the same service type) onthe PBT trunk.

An aspect of the encapsulation formats 150″ and 150′″ is that thedeployment of PWs thus encapsulated is not dependent on the 802.1 ahdraft standard. In addition, such encapsulation formats have lessoverhead because they do not include or require customer (C-)MACdestination and source addresses.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a communications network250 in which non-Ethernet service frames are forwarded through asingle-segment PW—encapsulated using the encapsulation format 150′″—overa PBT network. Use of the encapsulation format 150′″ is illustrative;any of the above-described encapsulation formats can be used toencapsulate the PW over the PBT network.

The communications network 250 includes similar network elements tothose of the network embodiment described in connection with FIG. 2.More specifically, the network 250 includes a PBT network 254 (i.e., anEthernet network), an ingress PE 258-1 in communication with a CE 270-1over an AC 274-1, an egress PE 258-2 in communication with a CE 270-2over an AC 274-2. The ingress PE 258-1 is in communication with theegress PE 258-2 over a PW 262, which traverses the PBT network 254through a PBT trunk 266.

The CE 270-1 sends a non-Ethernet service frame (or packet) 280 over theAC 274-1 to the ingress PE 258-1. The frame 280 includes a UNI header282, an AC header 284, and a PDU 286. The ingress PE 258-1 receives theframe 280, removes the header information leaving the PDU 286, andprepends a PW header 158′″ and a PBT trunk header 154′″ to produce theframe 288. The PE 258-1 transmits the resulting frame 288 over the PW262 through the PBT trunk 266. Devices in the PBT network 254 makeforwarding decisions for the frame 288 based on the values in the B-MACDA field and the B-TCI fields.

At the destination end of the PW 262, the egress PE 258-2 removes thePBT trunk header 154′″ and PW header 158′″, determines the particularflow to which the frame 288 belongs based on the value of the VC label190, processes and removes any control word 192 in the PW header 158′″.The PE 258-2 encapsulates the PDU 286 with an AC header 280 and a UNIheader 282 before transmitting the frame 280 to the CE device 270-2 byway of the AC 274-2.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a communications network300 in which non-Ethernet service frames are forwarded through amulti-segment PW 306 that spans a PBT network 302 and an MPLS network304. Within the PBT network 302, the frames are encapsulated using theencapsulation format 150′″, which is merely illustrative; any of theother above-described encapsulation formats 150, 150′, and 150″ can alsobe used to encapsulate the PW for forwarding across the network 300.

Each of the PBT and MPLS networks 302, 304 includes similar networkelements to those of the network embodiment described in connection withFIG. 2. More specifically, the PBT network 302 includes a first PE 308-1that is in communication with a CE 320-1 over an AC 324-1 and with asecond PE 328-2 over the PW 306. The MPLS network 304 includes a firstPE 310-1 that is in communication with the second PE 308-2 of the PBTnetwork 302 through a network-to-network interface (NNI) 314 and with anegress PE 310-2 over the PW 306. The NNI 314 can be a PW-over-Ethernetlink, Ethernet 802.1Q, Ethernet 802.1ah, etc, although the NNI 364cannot be an Ethernet 802.1 ad link if the PW 306 is not carryingEthernet service frames. The second PE 310-2 of the MPLS network 304 isin communication with a CE 320-2 over an AC 324-2. The PW 306 spans bothPBT and MPLS network domains, from the ingress PE 308-1 to the egress PE310-2. The PW 306 traverses the PBT network 302 within a PBT trunk 316and the MPLS network 304 within a MPLS trunk 318.

Also shown are the various formats of packets as the non-Ethernetservice frames traverse the communications network 350. Before reachingthe PBT network 302, the service frames have the exemplary format 280,including a UNI header 282, an AC header 284, and a PDU 286. Within thePBT network 302, the format of the packets 322 (here, e.g., with theencapsulation format 150′″) includes a PBT trunk header 154′″, a PWheader 158′″, and the PW PDU 286′. The PW header 158′″ includes a VClabel 190.

At the NNI 314 between the PBT and MPLS networks 302, 304, the PBT trunkheader 158′″ is removed, and the packet receives a NNI header (notshown). The content of the NNI header depends on the type of NNI (e.g.,PW over Ethernet link, 802.1ah, etc.). Accordingly, the packet has thePW header 158′″, comprised of a VC label 190′, an optional control word192, and the PW PDU 286′. When the service frame enters the MPLS network304, the NNI header is removed and an MPLS header 324 (i.e., LSP label)added to PW header 158′″ and PW PDU 286′. The PW header 158′″ includes aVC label 190″. It is to be noted that the various VC labels 190, 190′,and 190″ can be the same VC label (i.e., PW label) across thecommunication network 300 (i.e., the VC label can be negotiatedend-to-end—and does not have to change). Alternatively, each VC label190, 190′, and 190″ can be managed locally (and thus be different)within each domain. After the service frames leave the MPLS network 304,their format 280 includes a UNI header 282, AC header 284, and the PDU286.

FIG. 9 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a communicationsnetwork 330 in which non-Ethernet service frames are forwarded through amulti-segment PW 332. Here, the PW 332 spans a first PBT network 302, anMPLS network 304, and a second PBT network 334. The PW 332 passesthrough the PBT network 302 within the PBT trunk 316, through the MPLSnetwork 304 within the MPLS trunk 318, and through the second PBTnetwork 334 within a second PBT trunk 336. Within the first and secondPBT networks 302, 334, the services frames traversing the PW 332 areencapsulated using the encapsulation format 150′″. Again, any of theother above-described encapsulation formats 150, 150′, and 150″ can alsobe used to encapsulate the service frames for forwarding across thenetwork 330.

The frame formats within and between the first PBT network 302 and theMPLS network 304 are as described in connection with FIG. 8. Between theMPLS network 304 and the second PBT network 334, a NNI 314′ removes theMPLS header 324 and applies an NNI header (not shown). The NNI headerdepends on the type of NNI used (e.g., PW-over-Ethernet link, 802.1ah).

At the second PBT network 334, the ingress PE 336-1 removes the NNIheader, leaving the PW header 158′″, and prepends a PBT trunk header154′″ thereto. Similar to the network of FIG. 8, the various VC labels190, 190′, 190″, 190′″, 190″″ can be the same VC label (i.e., PW label)across the communication network 330 or can be managed locally (and thusbe different) within each domain (including the NNIs).

FIG. 10 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a communicationsnetwork 350 in which non-Ethernet service frames are forwarded through amulti-segment PW 352, here, spanning the PBT network 302 (FIG. 8) and aPBB network 354. The PW 352 passes through the PBT network 302 withinthe PBT trunk 316, and through the PBB network 352 within a PBB trunk356. Within the PBT network 302, the non-Ethernet service frames areencapsulated using, for example, the encapsulation format is 150′″. TheNNI 360 removes the PBT header 154′″ and adds an NNI header (not shown)to the PW header 158′″ and PW PDU 286′.

Within the PBB network 354, the non-Ethernet service frames areencapsulated using, for example, the encapsulation format 150′ (FIG. 4).At the ingress of the PBB network 354, the PE 358-1 removes the NNIheader, and adds a PBB header 154′ to the PW header 158′″ and PW PDU286′. The packet format 362 is the result. Again, the various VC labelswithin the PW headers 158′″ can be the same VC label across thecommunication network 330 or can different locally managed VC labels.

The ability to perform end-to-end fault detection and diagnostics of PWservices is an important aspect to the deployment of PWs. A tool createdfor verifying the connectivity of the PW is Virtual Circuit ConnectionVerification (VCCV). In general, VCCV is a PSN-agnostic control channelassociated with a PW that carries encapsulated fault detection anddiagnostics messages, e.g., ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)ping, BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection), or MPLS ping.Implementation details for VCCV are described in Nadeau, T. et al,“Pseudo Wire Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification (VCCV)”, January2007, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein. TheNadeau document specifies the different types of protocols that can becarried in the VCCV control channel individually or simultaneously.

Until the present invention, as set forth herein, use of the VCCVcontrol channel has been primarily for PWs over MPLS and IP networks. Inaccordance with the invention, the VCCV channel can carry faultdetection and diagnostics messages over Ethernet PSNs, morespecifically, Ethernet OAM messages. Ethernet OAM, as defined in 802.1agand Y.1731, is a general term for the management capabilities associatedwith Ethernet technology. It offers a rich set of functionality (toolsand utilities) designed for proactive and on-demand OAM. Some of itsdesirable functionalities, e.g., performance monitoring and remotemaintenance, are not achievable with present VCCV messages, namely, MPLSping and BFD. In addition, Ethernet OAM has certain functionality thatsatisfies hierarchical OAM requirements identified for multi-segmentPWs. Ethernet OAM in VCCV can also be applicable to non-Ethernet PSNse.g. IP or MPLS, providing an end-to-end PW OAM across different sets ofPSNs.

When establishing a PW across the PSN, the PEs can also negotiate toselect Ethernet OAM-based VCCV messages. The procedure for negotiatingEthernet OAM is similar to negotiations for other types of OAM-basedVCCV messages; instead of LSP Ping, for example, the PEs use aspecific-extension associated with selecting Ethernet OAM as an optionfor an Ethernet PSN. The present invention specifies extensions forsupporting Ethernet OAM as an option for VCCV messages.

FIG. 11 shows the communications network 50 of FIG. 2, having a singlesegment PW 62. Shown in the communications network 50 are variousmaintenance entities (ME). Each ME corresponds to an OAM span betweentwo monitoring points (in the context of equipment). Some of the MEs arereferred to as service MEs 380, others as network MEs 382. Service MEsmonitor the connectivity and performance of network services, whereasnetwork MEs monitor the connectivity and performance of the networkfacilities supporting the services.

The Service MEs 380 include AC MEs, an End-to-End PW (E2E-PW) ME, and aCustomer ME. The AC MEs monitor the connectivity and performance of aservice across an attachment circuit (e.g., 74-1) between a CE and a PEand are associated with monitoring points labeled “1” on the PE. TheE2E-PW ME is associated with monitoring points labeled “2” on the PE andmonitors the connectivity and performance of a service across the PW 62.The Customer ME monitors the connectivity and performance of the servicefrom source CE 70-1 to destination CE 70-1.

The Network MEs 382 include UNI MEs and a PSN ME. Each UNI ME monitorsthe connectivity and performance of the network facilities between a CEand a PE (e.g., 70-1 and 58-1). The PSN ME monitors the connectivity andperformance of the network facilities between the PEs 58 over the PSN54. The PSN ME is associated with monitoring points labeled “3” on thePE, and the UNI MEs are associated with monitoring points labeled “4” onthe PE.

Table 1 lists the various OAM mechanisms that each type of ME can use tomonitor the connectivity and performance of a service and of the networkfacility for an Ethernet PSN. In accordance with the principles of theinvention, the OAM mechanism used by the E2E-PW ME is the VCCV controlchannel having an Ethernet OAM payload, as described in more detailbelow. In addition, because the PSN is an Ethernet PSN, the OAMmechanism for the PSN ME is Ethernet OAM.

TABLE 1 ME OAM mechanism Comment E2E-PW VCCV Channel Payload is EthernetOAM PSN Ethernet OAM Independent MEG (Maintenance Entity Group) levelsUNI, AC, & Native Dependent on Technology Used Customer

Before being able to send Ethernet OAM messages in the VCCV controlchannel, the PEs 58 at both ends of the PW 62 send signals to each otherto indicate the existence of the control channel and their ability torun Ethernet OAM. The use of the VCCV control channel provides thecontext needed to bind the Ethernet OAM messages to a particular PW.FIG. 12A shows a VCCV parameter field 400 and opcodes that the PEs 58use for such VCCV capability signaling. The VCCV parameter field 400 canbe carried in an interface parameter field (for FEC 128) or in sub-TLVfield in the interface parameter field (for FEC 129).

The VCCV parameter field 400 has the following 4-byte format. A firstbyte 402 includes a parameter identifier (here, equal to 0x0c). Thesecond byte 404 indicates the length (in bytes) of the VCCV parameterfield (here, 4 bytes). A third byte 406 signifies the CC (controlchannel) type. Through use of the third byte 406, the PEs 58 select oneof the currently defined options (shown in FIG. 12B) for conveying theVCCV control channel. Table 2 shows the associations between certainspecified values and the CC types.

TABLE 2 Value CC Type 0x01 PWE3 control word with 1st nibble as 0x00010x02 MPLS Router Alert Label 0x04 MPLS PW Demultiplexer Label TTL = 1

Referring to FIG. 12B, the options include a Control Word (CW) option410, a Time-To-Live (TTL) option 410′, and a Router Alert option 410″.Each option uses a different field of a respective header 412, 412′, and412″ (generally, 412) to indicate that the encapsulated PDU 414corresponds to a VCCV PDU. Each header 412 includes an MPLS header (LSPlabel) and a PW header. When using the CW option 410, the PEs 58 place avalue equal to 0001b in the first nibble of the CW field 416. For theTTL option 410′, the PEs place a time-to-live value equal to 1 in a VClabel field 418. The Router Alert option 410″ includes an additionallabel 420, between the LSP label and VC label, set equal to 1. Whicheveroption is used, the LSP label is stripped before the PW contents,including the associated VCCV PDU 414, can be processed.

Returning to FIG. 12A, a fourth byte 408 is a CV (Control Value)) TypeIndicators field, which is a bit mask used to indicate the specifictype(s), i.e., none, one, or more, of the control channel packets thatmay be sent on the specified control value. Table 3 shows the variousspecifiable control values and their associated types.

TABLE 3 Value Type 0x01 ICMP Ping 0x02 LSP Ping 0x04 BFD for PW FaultDetection only 0x08 BFD for PW Fault Detection and AC/PW Fault StatusSignaling 0x10 Proposed value for Ethernet OAM as defined in [Y1731] and[802.1ag]

The particular CV type value (here, 0x10) associated with Ethernet OAMis exemplary, and selected to be backwards compatible with existing VCCVfault detection and diagnostics mechanisms. Setting the CV indicatorsfield 408 equal to 0x10 signifies that the VCCV control channel is to becarrying Ethernet OAM in the PDU 414 (FIG. 12B).

FIG. 12C shows an embodiment of a byte-format for an Ethernet OAM PDU414 to be carried by the VCCV control channel. The Ethernet OAM PDU 414includes a B-MAC DA field 422, a B-MAC SA field 424, an optionalEthertype field 426, an optional S/C-Tag 428, an Ethertype field 430, aMaintenance Entity Level (MEL) field 432, a Version field 434, an opcodefield 436, a Time-to-Live (TLV) offset field 438, and anopcodes-specific field 440.

The B-MAC DA field 422 can hold a dummy value (e.g., 6 bytes) or carryan OAM-specific multicast/Unicast address. The B-MAC SA field 424 canhold a dummy value (e.g., 6 bytes) or carry a Tx MEP's (MaintenanceEntity Group End Point) Unicast address. The optional Ethertype field426, when present, indicates the type in the following field (S/C tag428), i.e. whether it is a C-TAG when ET=0x8100 or S-TAG whenET=0x88a8). The optional S/C-Tag 428 can hold an optional two-byteforwarding tag associated with a service instance. The Ethertype field430 is set equal to the code associated with 802.1ag, to indicate, whenpresent, that subsequent sets of fields are OAM related fields. The MELfield 432 holds a one-byte value of a MEG Level (0-7) to identify ahierarchical domain. The one-byte Version field 434 holds the protocolversion. The opcodes field 436 holds a one-byte value that indicates thetype of Ethernet OAM message being carried by the VCCV control channel.The TLV field 438 holds a one-byte value indicating time to live for theEthernet OAM PDU 414. The opcodes-specific field 440 holdsopcode-specific values that are needed to achieve the OAM functionindicated by opcode in opcode field 436. The byte sizes of each fieldare exemplary; such fields can be smaller or larger in size withoutdeparting from the principles of the invention.

Table 4 shows exemplary opcodes for Ethernet OAM messages that can becarried in the VCCV control channel

TABLE 4 Opcode Value Ethernet OAM Message Type 01 CCM—Continuity checkmessages 02 LBR—Loopback reply message 03 LBM—Loopback request message04 LTR—Linktrace reply message 05 LTM—Linktrace request message 33AIS—Alarm indication signal message 41 MCC—Maintenance communicationchannel message 42 LMR—Single-ended oss measurement reply message 43LMM—Single-ended loss measurement request message 45 LDM—Dual-endeddelay measurement message 46 DMR—Two-way delay measurement reply message47 DMM—Two-way delay measurement request message XX Available for othermessage types.

To transmit Ethernet OAM messages in the VCCV control channel of the PW,any of the encapsulation mechanisms described above in connection withFIGS. 2 through 10 can be used to carry the VCCV payload 414. FIG. 12Dshows an exemplary embodiment of a frame format 450 for a packet sentover the PW 62 for an E2E PW ME. In this embodiment, the data planeencapsulation format is that embodiment 150′″ shown and described inconnection with FIG. 6. The frame format 450 includes a PSN tunnelheader 452, a PW header 454, and the Ethernet OAM PDU 414.

FIG. 13 shows an embodiment of a communications network 500, with amulti-segment PW 502 spanning first and second Ethernet PSNs, 504-1,504-2 (generally, 504). The PEs 510 in the communications network 500are distinguished by whether they communicate with a CE device 520,these being labeled T-PE, or with a PE 510 in the other PSN, these beinglabeled S-PE.

In addition to the various MEs shown and described in connection withFIG. 11, the multi-segment PW 502 has other service MEs associated withthe various PW segments, labeled SEG-PW ME, and another network MEassociated with a network-to-network interface between the Ethernet PSNs504, labeled NNI ME. In addition, each PSN 504-1, 504-2 has a PSN ME.The SEG-PW MEs are associated with monitoring points labeled “2a” at theT-PE and S-PE; the NNI ME is associated with monitoring points labeled“4” at the S-PEs. The UNI MEs are associated with monitoring pointslabeled “4” at the T-PEs.

Table 5 lists the various OAM mechanisms for each type of ME in thecommunications network 500 that can be used to monitor the connectivityand performance of PW services (Ethernet and non-Ethernet) and thenetwork facility across a multi-segment PW that traverses multipleEthernet PSNs.

TABLE 5 ME OAM mechanism Comment At a T-PE E2E-PW VCCV Channel Payloadis Ethernet OAM; shared MELs SEG-PW VCCV Channel Payload is EthernetOAM; shared MELs PSN Ethernet OAM Independent MEG levels UNI & AC NativeDependent on Technology Used At an S-PE SEG-PW VCCV Channel Payload isEthernet OAM; shared MELs Intermediate VCCV channel Payload is EthernetOAM; point for E2E-PW shared MELs NNI Native Dependent on technologyused At Customer CE Customer ME, AC, Native Dependent on technology usedUNI

FIG. 14 shows examples of frames formats on the PW 502 (FIG. 13) for theE2E-PW ME, each SEG-PW ME, and each PSN ME. As shown, the E2E-PW ME andSEG-PW MEs employ, as an example, the frame format 450 of FIG. 12D. TheE2E-PW ME and SEG-PW ME share MELs (denoted by double-ended arrow 528).The PSN ME uses an Ethernet OAM PDU 530 having an Ethernet header 532and Ethernet OAM information 534. Each PSN ME uses independent MELvalues.

FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of a communications network of FIG. 550 witha multi-segment PW 552 spanning a PBT network 554 and an MPLS network556. As in FIG. 13, the PEs 560 in the communications network 550 aredistinguished by whether they communicate with a CE device 570, thesebeing labeled T-PE, or with a PE 560 in the other PSN, these beinglabeled S-PE. The various MEs and monitoring points are similar to thosedescribed in connection with FIG. 13.

Table 6 lists the various OAM mechanisms for each type of ME in thecommunications network 550 that can be used to monitor the connectivityand performance of PW services (Ethernet and non-Ethernet) and thenetwork facility across the multi-segment PW 552. The OAM mechanismslisted in Table 6 presumes the PBT equipment and the MPLS equipment havecommon PW functionality.

TABLE 6 ME OAM Mechanism Comment AT A T-PE E2E-PW (PBT & MPLS) VCCVchannel Payload is Eth OAM; shared MELs Seg-PW (PBT & MPLS) VCCV channelPayload is Eth OAM; shared MELs Intermediate point VCCV channel Payloadis Eth OAM; for E2E-PW shared MELs PBT PSN Ethernet OAM Independent MEGLevels MPLS PSN LSP Ping, BFD For MPLS

If the PBT equipment does not support BFD/LSP Ping and the MPLSequipment does not support Ethernet OAM, Table 7 illustrates the OAMmechanisms that are then available for use by the various MEs across thecommunications network 550.

TABLE 7 ME OAM Mechanism Comment At the PBT T-PE E2E-PW UndeterminedSeg-PW VCCV channel Payload is Eth OAM; shared MELs PSN Ethernet OAMIndependent MEG Levels At the PBT S-PE Seg-PW VCCV channel Payload isEth OAM; shared MELs Intermediate point Undetermined for E2E-PW At theMPLS T-PE E2E-PW Undetermined Seg-PW VCCV channel Payload is BFD/LSPPing PSN LSP Ping, BFD For MPLS PSN At the MPLS S-PE Seg-PW VCCV channelPayload is BFD/LSP Ping Intermediate point Undetermined for E2E-PW

FIG. 16 shows examples of frames formats on the PW 552 (FIG. 15) for theE2E-PW ME, each SEG-PW ME, and each PSN ME in the PBT PSN 554 and in theMPLS PSN 556. For the PBT PSN 554, the frame formats for E2E-PW ME, theSEG-PW ME, and the PSN ME are similar to those described for the PBT PSN502 of FIG. 13. With respect to the MPLS PSN 556, the frame format 580used by the E2E-PW ME and SEG-PW ME has an MPLS header 582 thatencapsulates the PW header 454 and Ethernet OAM PDU 456 passed to theMPLS PSN 556 from the PBT PSN 554.

Aspects of the present invention may be embodied in hardware or software(i.e., program code). Program code may be embodied ascomputer-executable instructions on or in one or more articles ofmanufacture, or in or on computer-readable medium. A computer, computingsystem, or computer system, as used herein, is any programmable machineor device that inputs, processes, and outputs instructions, commands, ordata. In general, any standard or proprietary, programming orinterpretive language can be used to produce the computer-executableinstructions. Examples of such languages include C, C++, Pascal, JAVA,BASIC, Visual Basic, and Visual C++.

Examples of articles of manufacture and computer-readable medium inwhich the computer-executable instructions may be embodied include, butare not limited to, a floppy disk, a hard-disk drive, a CD-ROM, aDVD-ROM, a flash memory card, a USB flash drive, an non-volatile RAM(NVRAM or NOVRAM), a FLASH PROM, an EEPROM, an EPROM, a PROM, a RAM, aROM, a magnetic tape, or any combination thereof. Thecomputer-executable instructions may be stored as, e.g., source code,object code, interpretive code, executable code, or combinationsthereof. Further, although described predominantly as software,embodiments of the described invention may be implemented in hardware(digital or analog), software, or a combination thereof.

While the invention has been shown and described with reference tospecific preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilledin the art that various changes in form and detail may be made thereinwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as definedby the following claims.

1.-39. (canceled)
 40. A communications network comprising: apacket-switched network (PSN); a first provider edge (PE) device incommunication with a second PE device through the PSN; and a pseudowire(PW) established between the PE devices for emulating a service acrossthe PSN, the PW having a Virtual Circuit Connection Verification (VCCV)control channel that carries an Ethernet Operations, Administration, andMaintenance (OAM) message.
 41. The communications network of claim 40,wherein the VCCV control channel includes a VCCV payload having anEthernet OAM packet data unit (PDU).
 42. The communications network ofclaim 41, wherein the Ethernet OAM PDU includes an opcode thatdetermines a type of the Ethernet OAM message.
 43. The communicationsnetwork of claim 41, wherein the Ethernet OAM PDU includes a first fieldfor a backbone Media Access Control source address (B-MAC SA) and asecond field for a backbone MAC destination address (B-MAC DA).
 44. Thecommunications network of claim 43, wherein the B-MAC SA field cansignify a unicast address of a transmitting Maintenance End Point (MEP).45. The communications network of claim 43, wherein the B-MAC DA fieldcan signify an OAM-specific multicast or unicast address.
 46. Thecommunications network of claim 41, wherein the Ethernet OAM PDUincludes a field for specifying a Maintenance Entity Level (MEL).47.-53. (canceled)
 54. A method of verifying connectivity of apseudowire (PW) through a packet-switched network (PSN), the methodcomprising: establishing a pseudowire through the PSN between a firstprovider edge (PE) device and a second PE device; providing a VirtualCircuit Connection Verification (VCCV) control channel in the PW; andcarrying an Ethernet Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)message in the VCCV control channel.
 55. The method of claim 54, whereinthe VCCV control channel includes a VCCV payload with an Ethernet OAMpacket data unit (PDU).
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the EthernetOAM PDU includes an opcode that determines a type of the Ethernet OAMmessage.
 57. The method of claim 55, wherein the Ethernet OAM PDUincludes a first field for a backbone Media Access Control sourceaddress (B-MAC SA) and a second field for a backbone MAC destinationaddress (B-MAC DA).
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the B-MAC SAfield can signify a unicast address of a transmitting Maintenance EntityGroup End Point (MEP).
 59. The method of claim 57, wherein the B-MAC DAfield can signify an OAM-specific multicast or unicast address.
 60. Themethod of claim 57, wherein the B-MAC DA field and the B-MAC SA fieldcan each signify an dummy address.
 61. The method of claim 57, whereinthe Ethernet OAM PDU includes a field for specifying a MaintenanceEntity Level (MEL). 62.-67. (canceled)
 68. A network element,comprising: a pseudowire (PW) processor placing an Ethernet Operations,Administration, and Management (OAM) message within a Virtual CircuitConnection Verification (VCCV) control channel of a PW and encapsulatingthe Ethernet OAM message in a PW header; and a packet-switched network(PSN) processor encapsulating the PW header with the Ethernet OAMmessage in a tunnel header for forwarding across a packet-switchednetwork.
 69. The network element of claim 68, wherein the VCCV controlchannel includes a VCCV payload having an Ethernet OAM packet data unit(PDU).
 70. The network element of claim 69, wherein the Ethernet OAM PDUincludes an opcode that determines a type of the Ethernet OAM message.71. The network element of claim 69, wherein the Ethernet OAM PDUincludes a first field for a backbone Media Access Control sourceaddress (B-MAC SA) and a second field for a backbone MAC destinationaddress (B-MAC DA).
 72. The network element of claim 71, wherein theB-MAC SA field can signify a unicast address of a transmittingMaintenance End Point (MEP).
 73. The network element of claim 71,wherein the B-MAC DA field can signify an OAM-specific multicast orunicast address.
 74. The network element of claim 71, wherein the B-MACDA field and the B-MAC SA field can each signify an dummy address. 75.The network element of claim 69, wherein the Ethernet OAM PDU includes afield for specifying a Maintenance Entity Level (MEL). 76.-80.(canceled)